Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

Principles of OOP:
◾ Abstraction: Hiding the complex implementation details and exposing only the essential features of an object.
◾ Encapsulation: Wrapping data and methods within a class, restricting direct access to some components.
◾ Inheritance: A mechanism to create a new class based on an existing class to reuse its properties and methods.
◾ Polymorphism: Allowing objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass, enabling method overriding and dynamic behaviour.

1. Classes and Objects
◾ Defining classes with class
◾ Creating objects (instances of a class)
◾ Attributes:

• Instance Attributes: Attributes specific to an object.
  
• Class Attributes: Shared across all instances of a class.
  

◾ Methods:

• Defining methods with def → Functions defined inside a class that operates on the class attributes.
  
• Using self to access instance attributes
  

◾ Accessing and modifying objects
◾ Constructors and Initializers

• Using the __init__ method
  
• Initializing instance attributes
  
• Setting default and custom parameters
  

2. Inheritance
◾ Single Inheritance
◾ Multiple Inheritance
◾ Overriding methods
◾ Using super() to call parent class methods (super().__init__)

3. Polymorphism
◾ Method overriding for different behaviors in child classes
◾ Defining multiple behaviors for a method

4. Abstract Classes and Interfaces
◾ Concept of abstract classes
◾ Using the abc module
◾ Defining abstract methods
◾ Creating and enforcing interfaces

5. Encapsulation
◾ Access Modifiers:

• Public
  
• Protected
  
• Private
  

◾ Using Getters and Setters for private attributes
◾ Property decorators (@property) for better encapsulation
◾ Descriptor using get, set, delete, and set_name

6. Class and Static Methods
◾ Defining Class Methods with @classmethod
◾ Defining Static Methods with @staticmethod
◾ Difference between Instance Methods, Class Methods, and Static Methods
◾ Using cls for class-related operations

7. Magic Methods, Operator Overloading & dataclass
◾ Understanding magic methods (Dunder methods)
◾ Key Magic Methods:

• __init__, __str__, __repr__
  
• Comparison methods (__eq__, __lt__, etc.)
  
• Arithmetic operation methods (__add__, __sub__, etc.)
  
• Item access methods: __getitem__, __setitem__
  
• Customizing object behavior with magic methods
  

8. Decorator

E-mail: Reza.Saadatyar@outlook.com