Merge branch 'master' into python-set-comprehension

Author: brendaweles

basic-input-output-in-python/README.md

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+# Basic Input and Output in Python
+
+This folder contains the code examples for the Real Python tutorial [Basic Input and Output in Python](https://realpython.com/python-input-output/).
+
+You can run all of the scripts directly by specifying their name:
+
+```sh
+$ python <filename>.py
+```

basic-input-output-in-python/adventure_game.py

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+import random
+
+health = 5
+enemy_health = 3
+
+while health > 0 and enemy_health > 0:
+ # Normalize input to handle extra spaces and case variations.
+ action = input("Attack or Run? ").strip().lower()
+ if action not in {"attack", "run"}:
+ print("Invalid choice. Please type 'Attack' or 'Run'.")
+ continue
+
+ if action == "attack":
+ enemy_health -= 1
+ print("You hit the enemy!")
+ # Implement a 50% chance that the enemy strikes back.
+ enemy_attacks = random.choice([True, False])
+ if enemy_attacks:
+ health -= 2
+ print("The enemy strikes back!")
+ else:
+ print("You ran away!")
+ break
+ print(f"Your health: {health}, Enemy health: {enemy_health}")
+
+print("Victory!" if enemy_health <= 0 else "Game Over")

basic-input-output-in-python/greeter.py

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+name = input("Please enter your name: ")
+print("Hello", name, "and welcome!")

basic-input-output-in-python/guess_the_number.py

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+import random
+
+number = random.randint(1, 10)
+guess = int(input("Guess a number between 1 and 10: "))
+
+if guess == number:
+ print("You got it!")
+else:
+ print("Sorry, the number was", number)

basic-input-output-in-python/improved_input.py

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+import readline # noqa F401
+
+while (user_input := input("> ")).lower() != "exit":
+ print("You entered:", user_input)

expressions-vs-statements/README.md

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+# Expression vs Statement in Python: What's the Difference?
+
+This folder contains sample code from the Real Python tutorial [Expression vs Statement in Python: What's the Difference?](https://realpython.com/python-expression-vs-statement/)
+
+## Code Inspector
+
+Identify whether a piece of Python code is an expression or a statement:
+
+```shell
+$ python code_inspector.py
+Type a Python code snippet or leave empty to exit.
+>>> yield
+statement
+>>> (yield)
+expression
+>>> 2 +
+invalid
+```
+
+## GUI App
+
+Register a lambda expression as a callback, which delegates to a function with statements:
+
+```shell
+$ python gui_app.py
+```
+
+## Echo Program
+
+Compile with a C compiler and pipe stdin to the echo program:
+
+```shell
+$ gcc echo.c -o echo.x
+$ echo "Hello, World!" | ./echo.x
+Hello, World!
+```
+
+## HEX Reader
+
+Read a binary file and display its bytes in hexadecimal format:
+
+```shell
+$ python hex_reader.py /path/to/HelloJava.class --columns 8
+ca fe ba be 00 00 00 41
+00 0f 0a 00 02 00 03 07
+00 04 0c 00 05 00 06 01
+(...)
+```
+
+## Generators
+
+Generate a random signal and use a low-pass filter to make it smooth:
+
+```shell
+$ python generators.py 
+-0.96: -0.96
+-0.81: -0.89
+-0.52: -0.67
+ 0.22: -0.15
+ 0.51: 0.37
+ 0.40: 0.46
+-0.08: 0.16
+-0.24: -0.16
+ 0.80: 0.28
+ 0.47: 0.64
+```

expressions-vs-statements/code_inspector.py

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+import ast
+
+
+def main():
+ print("Type a Python code snippet or leave empty to exit.")
+ while code := input(">>> "):
+ print(describe(code))
+
+
+def describe(code):
+ if valid(code, mode="eval"):
+ return "expression"
+ elif valid(code, mode="exec"):
+ return "statement"
+ else:
+ return "invalid"
+
+
+def valid(code, mode):
+ try:
+ ast.parse(code, mode=mode)
+ return True
+ except SyntaxError:
+ return False
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+ try:
+ main()
+ except EOFError:
+ pass

expressions-vs-statements/echo.c

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+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main() {
+ int x;
+ while (x = fgetc(stdin)) {
+ if (x == EOF)
+ break;
+ putchar(x);
+ }
+ return 0;
+}

expressions-vs-statements/generators.py

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+import random
+
+
+def main():
+ lf = lowpass_filter()
+ lf.send(None)
+ for value in generate_noise(10):
+ print(f"{value:>5.2f}: {lf.send(value):>5.2f}")
+
+
+def generate_noise(size):
+ for _ in range(size):
+ yield 2 * random.random() - 1
+
+
+def lowpass_filter():
+ a = yield
+ b = yield a
+ while True:
+ a, b = b, (yield (a + b) / 2)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+ main()

expressions-vs-statements/gui_app.py

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+import tkinter as tk
+
+
+def main():
+ window = tk.Tk()
+ button = tk.Button(window, text="Click", command=lambda: on_click(42))
+ button.pack(padx=10, pady=10)
+ window.mainloop()
+
+
+def on_click(age):
+ if age > 18:
+ print("You're an adult.")
+ else:
+ print("You're a minor.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+ main()