README.md updated and added functions

Author: majid shahbaz

src/basic/conditional/if_else/if_else.py

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+"""
+Python Conditions and If statements
+Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:
+
+Equals: a == b
+Not Equals: a != b
+Less than: a < b
+Less than or equal to: a <= b
+Greater than: a > b
+Greater than or equal to: a >= b
+These conditions can be used in several ways, most commonly in "if statements" and loops.
+
+An "if statement" is written by using the if keyword.
+"""
+a = 33
+b = 200
+if b > a:
+ print("b is greater than a")
+# b is greater than a
+"""
+Indentation
+Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line) to define scope in the code. 
+Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for this purpose.
+"""
+#If statement, without indentation (will raise an error):
+
+a = 33
+b = 200
+# if b > a:
+# print("b is greater than a") # you will get an error
+"""
+ print("b is greater than a") # you will get an error
+ ^
+IndentationError: expected an indented block after 'if' statement on line 29
+"""
+#Elif
+#The elif keyword is Python's way of saying "if the previous conditions were not true, then try this condition".
+a = 33
+b = 33
+if b > a:
+ print("b is greater than a")
+elif a == b:
+ print("a and b are equal")
+
+#a and b are equal
+"""
+Else
+The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding conditions.
+Example
+"""
+a = 200
+b = 33
+if b > a:
+ print("b is greater than a")
+elif a == b:
+ print("a and b are equal")
+else:
+ print("a is greater than b")
+
+#a is greater than b
+
+# Short Hand if
+if a > b: print("a is greater than b")
+
+# Short Hand elif
+
+print("a is greater than b") if a > b else print("a is less than b")
+# a is greater than b
+"""
+And
+The and keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:
+
+Example
+Test if a is greater than b, AND if c is greater than a:
+
+"""
+a = 200
+b = 33
+c = 500
+if a > b and c > a:
+ print("Both conditions are True")
+# Both conditions are True
+# Simplify version
+if b < a < c:
+ print("Both conditions are True")
+# Both conditions are True
+
+"""
+Or
+The or keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:
+
+Example:
+Test if a is greater than b, OR if a is greater than c:
+"""
+if a > b or a > c:
+ print("A is greater than B or A greater than C")
+#A is greater than B or A greater than C
+
+"""
+Not
+The not keyword is a logical operator, and is used to reverse the result of the conditional statement:
+"""
+if not b>a:
+ print("B is not greater than A")
+#B is not greater than A
+
+"""
+The pass Statement:
+
+if statements cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have an if statement with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
+"""
+a = 33
+b = 200
+
+if b > a:
+ pass
+else:
+ pass

src/basic/conditional/match/match.py

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+"""
+The match statement is used to perform different actions based on different conditions.
+
+The Python Match Statement
+Instead of writing many if..else statements, you can use the match statement.
+
+The match statement selects one of many code blocks to be executed.
+
+match expression:
+ case x:
+ code block
+ case y:
+ code block
+ case z:
+ code block
+
+This is how it works:
+
+The match expression is evaluated once.
+The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case.
+If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed.
+
+"""
+day = 3
+match day:
+ case 1:
+ print("Monday")
+ case 2:
+ print("Tuesday")
+ case 3:
+ print("Wednesday")
+ case 4:
+ print("Thursday")
+ case 5:
+ print("Friday")
+ case 6:
+ print("Saturday")
+ case 7:
+ print("Sunday")
+ case _:
+ print("Default")
+# For no match case _ will execute and it act as default case.
+# Default
+
+"""
+Combine Values
+Use the pipe character | as an or operator in the case evaluation to check for more than one value match in one case:
+"""
+day = 4
+match day:
+ case 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5:
+ print("Today is a weekday")
+ case 6 | 7:
+ print("I love weekends!")
+
+# Today is a weekday
+
+"""
+If Statements as Guards
+You can add if statements in the case evaluation as an extra condition-check:
+"""
+month = 5
+day = 4
+
+match day:
+ case 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 if month == 4:
+ print("A weekday in April")
+ case 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 if month == 5:
+ print("A weekday in may")
+ case _:
+ print("No match")
+# A weekday in may
+

src/datatypes/boolean/boolean.py src/basic/datatypes/boolean/boolean.pysrc/datatypes/boolean/boolean.py renamed to src/basic/datatypes/boolean/boolean.py

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+"""
+A function is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
+You can pass data, known as parameters, into a function.
+A function can return data as a result.
+"""
+print("\n----------- Functions -------------\n")
+
+
+# To Create a function python use a def keyword
+
+def test():
+ print("A generic function")
+
+
+# This function runs when it is called so
+test()
+# prints -> A generic function
+
+print("\n----------- Arguments passing -------------\n")
+"""
+There are many ways to pass parameters in the function such as
+- Positional Parameters
+- Arbitrary Arguments, *args
+- Keyword Arguments
+- Arbitrary Keyword Arguments, **kwargs
+- Positional Only Arguments
+- Keyword Only Arguments
+"""
+
+
+# By default, a function must call with correct number of parameters
+def user(firstname, lastname):
+ print(f"{firstname} {lastname}")
+
+
+# Call this function
+user("Test", "one")
+
+
+# Prints -> Test one
+
+# If we don't know the number of arguments to pass then we name them arbitrary arguments *args
+# Represented by *arg
+
+
+def user(*args): # User will get tuple
+ firstname = args[0] # get the values from tuple based on the index
+ lastname = args[1]
+ age = args[2]
+ print(f"User detail => {firstname} {lastname} {age}")
+
+
+# I initialize a tuple
+user_data = ("Test", "Two", 20)
+user(*user_data) # Before passing it to function I unpack it to separate the values
+# User detail => Test Two 20
+
+"""
+Keyword Arguments
+- You can also send arguments with the key = value syntax.
+- This way the order of the arguments does not matter.
+
+These are represented by **kwargs
+"""
+
+
+# user will receive a dictionary and then get the values from the dictionary based on the key values
+def user(**kwargs):
+ first_name = kwargs["firstname"]
+ last_name = kwargs["lastname"]
+ age = kwargs["age"]
+ print(f"Users details by **kwargs => {first_name} {last_name} {age}")
+
+
+dictionary = {"firstname": "Test", "lastname": "two", "age": 20}
+user(**dictionary)
+
+
+# Users details by **kwargs => Test two 20
+
+# To pass a default parameter value
+def user(firstname="None"):
+ print(f"Default value of firstname => {firstname}")
+
+
+user()
+
+
+# Default value of firstname => None
+
+# Passing List as arguments
+def user(addresses):
+ [print(f"Addresses of user {address}") for address in addresses]
+
+
+addr = ["first", "second", "third"]
+user(addr)
+"""
+Addresses of user first
+Addresses of user second
+Addresses of user third
+"""
+
+
+# Return values from function
+
+def calculate_area(length, width):
+ return length * width
+
+
+area = calculate_area(10, 20)
+print(f"Area is with return base test :: {area}")
+# Area is :: 200
+
+"""
+The pass Statement
+Function definitions cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have a function definition with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
+"""
+def myfunction():
+ pass
+myfunction()
+
+"""
+Positional-Only Arguments
+
+- You can specify that a function can have ONLY positional arguments, or ONLY keyword arguments.
+- To specify that a function can have only positional arguments, add , / after the arguments:
+"""
+def cal_area(length,width,/):
+ return length*width
+
+#area = cal_area(lenght = 10,width = 20)
+#print(f"Area is :: {area}")
+
+# We will get error because we have to pass positional arguments just not any keyword argument
+"""
+area = cal_area(lenght = 10,width = 20)
+Error:
+Traceback (most recent call last):
+ File "/Users/macbookpro/Documents/Python Practice/python_practice_part1/src/basic/functions/functions.py", line 132, in <module>
+ area = cal_area(lenght = 10,width = 20)
+ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+TypeError: cal_area() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'width'
+
+"""
+
+# To fix it we need to pass only positional because we have used forward slash (/) right after the end of arguments
+area = cal_area(10, 20)
+print(f"Area is with Positional-Only Arguments (/) end of args:: :: {area}")
+
+# Area is :: 200
+
+"""
+Keyword-Only Arguments
+
+- To specify that a function can have only keyword arguments, add *, before the arguments:
+"""
+def calc_area(*,length,width):
+ return length*width
+
+area = calc_area(length = 10, width = 20)
+print(f"Area with is Keyword-Only Arguments (*) before args:: {area}")
+# Area with is Keyword-Only Arguments (*) before args:: 200
+
+"""
+Combine Positional-Only and Keyword-Only
+You can combine the two argument types in the same function.
+
+Any argument before the / , are positional-only, and any argument after the *, are keyword-only.
+
+Example
+
+"""
+def my_function(a, b, /, *, c, d):
+ print(a + b + c + d)
+
+my_function(5, 6, c = 7, d = 8)