外贸出口十大流程全解：从报价到结汇的完整指南
出口货物流程主要包括：报价、订货、付款方式、备货、包装、通关手续、装船、运输保险、提单、结汇。
Export process mainly includes: Quotation, Order, Payment Method, Stock Preparation, Packaging, Customs Clearance, Shipment, Transportation Insurance, Bill of Lading, Settlement.
1. 报价 (Quotation)
在国际贸易的过程中，最先的步骤是产品的询价、报价。其中，对于出口产品的报价主要包括：产品的质量等级、产品的规格型号、产品是否有特殊包装要求、所购产品量的多少、交货期的要求、产品的运输方式、产品的材质等内容。
In international trade, the first step is product inquiry and quotation. Export product quotations mainly include: product quality grade, product specifications, special packaging requirements, order quantity, delivery time requirements, transportation methods, material composition, etc.
常用报价方式：FOB船上交货、CNF成本加运费、CIF成本、保险费加运费
Common quotation methods: FOB (Free On Board), CNF (Cost and Freight), CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)
2. 订货 (Order)
贸易双方就报价达成意向后，买方企业正式订货并就一些相关事项与卖方企业进行协商，双方协商认可后，需要签订《购货合同》。
After reaching agreement on the quotation, the buyer formally places an order and negotiates relevant matters with the seller. After mutual agreement, a Purchase Contract needs to be signed.
合同主要内容：商品名称、规格型号、数量、价格、包装、产地、装运期、付款条件、结算方式等
Main contract contents: Product name, specifications, quantity, price, packaging, origin, shipping date, payment terms, settlement method, etc.
3. 付款方式 (Payment Methods)
比较常用的国际付款方式有三种：
There are three commonly used international payment methods:
• 信用证付款 (Letter of Credit, L/C)：保证出口商收回货款的保证文件
• TT付款 (Telegraphic Transfer)：外汇现金方式结算
• 直接付款 (Direct Payment)：买卖双方直接交货付款
4. 备货 (Stock Preparation)
备货在整个贸易流程中起到举足轻重的重要地位，须按照合同逐一落实。
Stock preparation plays a crucial role in the entire trade process and must be implemented in accordance with the contract.
备货要点：货物品质规格、数量、备货时间
Key points: Product quality and specifications, quantity, preparation time
5. 包装 (Packaging)
可以根据货物的不同来选择包装形式（如：纸箱、木箱、编织袋等）。
Different packaging forms (such as cartons, wooden cases, woven bags, etc.) can be selected according to the goods.
包装要求：符合出口标准、客户特殊要求、运输标志清晰
Packaging requirements: Meet export standards, customer special requirements, clear shipping marks
6. 通关手续 (Customs Clearance)
通关手续极为繁琐又极其重要，如不能顺利通关则无法完成交易。
Customs clearance procedures are extremely complicated and important. If clearance cannot be completed smoothly, the transaction cannot be completed.
主要文件：出口商品检验证书、箱单、发票、报关委托书、出口核销单等
Main documents: Export commodity inspection certificate, packing list, invoice, customs declaration power of attorney, export verification form, etc.
7. 装船 (Shipment)
在货物装船过程中，可以根据货物的多少来决定装船方式。
During the shipment process, the loading method can be determined according to the quantity of goods.
集装箱类型：20尺柜、40尺柜、40尺高柜、45尺高柜、开顶柜、平底货柜等
Container types: 20ft, 40ft, 40ft high cube, 45ft high cube, open top, flat rack, etc.
8. 运输保险 (Transportation Insurance)
通常双方在签订《购货合同》中已事先约定运输保险的相关事项。
Transportation insurance matters are usually agreed in advance in the Purchase Contract.
主要险种：平安险(F.P.A)、水渍险(W.P.A)、一切险(A.R.)
Main insurance types: Free from Particular Average (F.P.A), With Particular Average (W.P.A), All Risks (A.R.)
9. 提单 (Bill of Lading)
提单是出口商办理完出口通关手续、海关放行后，由外运公司签出、供进口商提货、结汇所用单据。
The Bill of Lading is issued by the shipping company after customs clearance for the importer to take delivery of goods and settle payment.
提单类型：海运提单(正本)、空运提单(传真件)
B/L types: Ocean B/L (original), Air Waybill (fax copy)
10. 结汇 (Settlement)
出口货物装出之后，进出口公司即应按照信用证的规定，正确缮制各种单据办理议付结汇手续。
After shipment, the exporter should prepare various documents correctly according to the L/C terms to complete the settlement procedures.
结汇方式：信用证(L/C)、电汇(T/T)、票汇(D/D)、信汇(M/T)
Settlement methods: L/C, T/T (Telegraphic Transfer), D/D (Demand Draft), M/T (Mail Transfer)
特别提示：中国企业出口享有出口退税优惠政策
Special note: Chinese export enterprises enjoy export tax rebate preferential policies
