外贸新手入门指南：从基础概念到实操流程
外贸基础知识是每个外贸从业者的必修课。本文将系统性地介绍外贸的核心概念、业务流程和关键术语，帮助外贸新手快速掌握行业要领。
Basic knowledge of foreign trade is a required course for every practitioner. This article will systematically introduce the core concepts, business processes and key terms of foreign trade to help beginners quickly grasp the essentials of the industry.
1. 外贸的定义与分类
1. Definition and Classification of Foreign Trade
对外贸易是指国家(地区)之间的商品和劳务交换，由进口和出口组成。外贸出口主要分为：
Foreign trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries (regions), consisting of imports and exports. Export trade is mainly divided into:
- 传统外贸(B2B)：如阿里巴巴国际站、Made in China
- 跨境电商(B2C)：如亚马逊、速卖通
- Traditional B2B trade: e.g. Alibaba International, Made in China
- Cross-border e-commerce(B2C): e.g. Amazon, AliExpress
2. 外贸公司类型
2. Types of Foreign Trade Companies
外贸公司主要分为两类：
Foreign trade companies are mainly divided into two types:
- 纯外贸公司：仅从事贸易活动
- 工贸一体公司：拥有自己的工厂
- Pure trading companies: only engaged in trade activities
- Manufacturing-trading integrated companies: have their own factories
3. 外贸业务流程
3. Foreign Trade Business Process
标准的外贸出口流程包括：
The standard export process includes:
- 寻找客户-报价-签订合同
- 确定付款方式-备货-报关出运
- 提单-收取尾款-提货-结汇-退税
- Finding customers - Quotation - Signing contracts
- Confirm payment method - Prepare goods - Customs declaration
- Bill of lading - Collect balance - Pick up goods - Settlement - Tax refund
4. 外贸付款方式
4. Payment Methods in Foreign Trade
常见的外贸付款方式有：
Common payment methods in foreign trade include:
- T/T电汇：通常收取30%预付款
- L/C信用证：银行担保付款
- D/P托收：付款交单方式
- T/T Telegraphic Transfer: Usually 30% deposit
- L/C Letter of Credit: Bank guaranteed payment
- D/P Collection: Documents against payment
掌握这些外贸基础知识，可以帮助新手快速进入外贸行业，避免常见错误，提高业务效率。
Mastering these basic knowledge of foreign trade can help beginners quickly enter the industry, avoid common mistakes and improve business efficiency.
