国际贸易中信用证融资的全面指南：类型与应用
一、信用证的主要种类 / Main Types of Letters of Credit
1. 跟单信用证 vs 光票信用证 / Documentary Credit vs Clean Credit
跟单信用证是国际贸易中最常用的结算方式，要求受益人提交代表货物所有权的单据（如海运提单、空运单等）。光票信用证则仅凭汇票付款，不附带货运单据。
Documentary credits are the most common payment method in international trade, requiring submission of shipping documents. Clean credits are paid against drafts without shipping documents.
2. 不可撤销信用证 / Irrevocable Credit
根据UCP600规定，现代信用证均为不可撤销信用证，开证行不能单方面修改或撤销信用证。
Under UCP600, all modern credits are irrevocable, meaning the issuing bank cannot unilaterally amend or cancel the credit.
3. 保兑信用证 / Confirmed Credit
由另一家银行（保兑行）对信用证加具保兑，为受益人提供双重付款保障。
Confirmed credits provide additional payment security as a second bank (confirming bank) adds its undertaking to pay.
二、信用证融资方式 / LC Financing Methods
出口商融资方案 / Exporter Financing Solutions
1. 打包贷款 / Packing Loan
出口商凭信用证向银行申请生产备货资金，通常可获得信用证金额60-80%的融资。
Exporters can obtain 60-80% of LC value as working capital for production and procurement.
2. 福费廷 / Forfaiting
无追索权的应收账款买断，帮助出口商：
• 立即获得现金
• 规避汇率风险
• 优化财务报表
Non-recourse receivable financing helps exporters:
• Get immediate cash
• Hedge FX risks
• Improve financial statements
进口商融资方案 / Importer Financing Solutions
1. 授信开证 / Credit-backed LC
利用银行授信额度减少保证金占用，典型比例为30%保证金+70%授信额度。
Using bank credit lines to reduce margin deposits, typically 30% cash + 70% credit line.
2. 进口押汇 / Import Bill Advance
进口商在付款赎单前获得短期融资，期限通常不超过90天，利率随期限递增。
Short-term financing for importers before payment, usually ≤90 days with progressive interest rates.
三、为什么选择信用证融资？ / Why Choose LC Financing?
• 降低交易风险
• 优化资金周转
• 增强国际竞争力
• 享受政策支持（如出口信用保险）
• Reduce transaction risks
• Optimize working capital
• Enhance global competitiveness
• Access government support (e.g. export credit insurance)
