外贸实务全流程详解：从客户开发到核销退税
1. 客户开发 Client Development
通过外贸建站营销推广，线下参展拜访等一系列手段，获得外贸询盘。客户会先了解产品和业务流程细节。
Obtain foreign trade inquiries through website marketing, exhibition participation and other methods. Clients will first inquire about product and process details.
2. 报价 Quotation
报价内容包括：产品质量等级、规格型号、包装要求、数量、交货期、运输方式、材质等。报价越详细规范，越可能获得客户进一步沟通。
Quotation should include: product quality grade, specifications, packaging requirements, quantity, delivery time, transportation method, material etc. More detailed quotations have higher chance of follow-up communication.
关键点 Key Points:
1) 汇率 Exchange Rate: 关注实时汇率，注明汇率浮动超过2%需重新报价
2) 价格条件 Price Terms: FOB, CFR, CIF等
3) 付款方式 Payment: TT, LC等
3. 洽谈 Negotiation
涉及外贸谈判策略，建议用真诚打动客户，建立长期信任关系。
Involves negotiation strategies. Recommend building long-term trust through sincerity.
4. 签订合同 Signing Contract
确认交易后制作外贸合同，明确商品名称、规格、数量、价格、付款条件等条款，双方盖章生效。
After confirmation, prepare contract specifying product name, specifications, quantity, price, payment terms etc. Valid after stamping by both parties.
5. 下单与跟单 Order & Follow-up
确认订单后安排生产，密切跟进生产进度，提前2周安排验货(SGS等第三方)，确认质量后安排货运。
After order confirmation, arrange production and closely follow up. Schedule inspection (SGS etc.) 2 weeks in advance, arrange shipment after quality confirmation.
6. 商检与报关 Inspection & Customs
准备商业发票、装箱单等文件，完成海关审单、查验、征税、放行流程。
Prepare commercial invoice, packing list etc. Complete customs declaration, inspection, taxation and release procedures.
7. 货运 Shipping
根据合同投保(海运/空运保险等)，交货后获取提单。
Purchase insurance (marine/air etc.) as per contract, obtain bill of lading after delivery.
8. 收汇 Payment Collection
L/C付款需在规定时间内备齐单证交银行；T/T付款按约定付清余款。
For L/C, prepare all documents for bank within time limit; For T/T, pay balance as agreed.
9. 核销与退税 Verification & Tax Refund
凭相关单据到外管局和税务局办理，通常1-3个月完成。可委托专业机构办理。
Submit documents to SAFE and tax bureau for processing, usually takes 1-3 months. Can be handled by agencies.
提示 Tip: 了解全流程很重要，但许多环节可委托货代、银行等专业机构处理，既省心又能控制成本。
Understanding the whole process is important, but many steps can be handled by professional agencies like freight forwarders and banks, saving effort while controlling costs.
