外贸海运出口全流程解析：从订舱到提单的完整指南
在当今全球贸易中，海运是最经济实惠且被广泛认可的货物运输方式之一。 对于外贸企业来说，掌握海运出口流程不仅能提高物流效率，还能有效控制成本。
In today's global trade, sea freight is one of the most cost-effective and widely recognized cargo transportation methods. For foreign trade enterprises, mastering sea freight export processes can not only improve logistics efficiency but also effectively control costs.
海运基本运输方式
Basic Sea Freight Shipping Methods
海运主要通过两种方式运输货物：整柜(FCL)和拼柜(LCL)。整柜是指租用整个集装箱装载自家货物；拼柜则是与其他货主的货物共享一个集装箱，到目的港后拆柜分货。从成本角度考虑，FOB贸易条款下整柜运输通常更经济。
Sea freight mainly transports goods in two ways: Full Container Load (FCL) and Less than Container Load (LCL). FCL refers to renting an entire container for your own goods; LCL means sharing a container with other shippers' goods, which will be separated at the destination port. From a cost perspective, FCL shipping is usually more economical under FOB terms.
海运出口详细流程
Detailed Sea Freight Export Process
1. 订舱(Booking)：发货人需填写订舱单(Booking Form)，包含货物和收发货人详细信息，委托货代向船公司订舱。船公司确认船期后会发放装货单(SO)。
1. Booking: The shipper needs to fill out a Booking Form containing cargo and consignee details, then entrust a freight forwarder to book space with the shipping company. The shipping company will issue a Shipping Order (SO) after confirming the schedule.
2. 装柜(Loading)：整柜运输需安排拖车提柜。建议在装柜时拍照记录(柜门、车牌、柜内情况)，作为日后争议的证据。特别注意核对柜号、封条号和柜型。
2. Loading: FCL shipping requires arranging trucking to pick up containers. It's recommended to take photos (container doors, license plates, interior) during loading as evidence for potential disputes. Pay special attention to verifying container numbers, seal numbers and container types.
3. 文件准备(Documentation)：包括报关文件(商业发票、装箱单等)和提单(Bill of Lading)。提单作为提货凭证至关重要，发货人需在截止日期前仔细核对提单草稿。
3. Documentation: Includes customs clearance documents (commercial invoice, packing list, etc.) and Bill of Lading. The Bill of Lading is crucial as the cargo receipt, and shippers must carefully review the draft before the deadline.
4. 提单处理(BL Release)：现代贸易中电放提单(Telex Release)最为常见，相比正本提单更快捷安全，可避免邮寄丢失风险及因此产生的高额滞港费。
4. BL Release: In modern trade, Telex Release is most common. Compared to original BL, it's faster and safer, avoiding risks of mail loss and resulting high demurrage charges.
专业建议
Professional Advice
不同国家进口要求各异，需提前了解目的港规定。建议企业提前规划海运时间表，货物完成前及时通知客户准备，确保无缝衔接装柜环节。与经验丰富的货代合作能显著提升海运效率。
Import requirements vary by country, so it's essential to understand destination port regulations in advance. We recommend companies plan shipping schedules early and notify customers before cargo completion to ensure smooth loading. Partnering with experienced freight forwarders can significantly improve shipping efficiency.
