中国安防产业遭遇美国制裁：技术壁垒与突围之路
来源：亿欧网 | 作者：马渭淞
Source: EqualOcean | Author: Ma Weisong
据美国科技类网站TechCrunch报道，从2021年末开始，美国零售商开始陆续下架中国产安防产品。或许，中国产监控技术产品不久之后便会在北美市场销声匿迹。
According to the US tech website TechCrunch, since late 2021, American retailers have begun removing Chinese-made security products from shelves. It's possible that Chinese surveillance technology products may soon disappear from the North American market.
中国安防产品在北美遭遇"寒冬"其实也在预料之中。早在2018年，美国众议院便以国家安全为由，禁止美国联邦政府采购某些中国制造的视频监控设备，包括海能达通信、海康威视和浙江大华。
The "winter" for Chinese security products in North America was actually predictable. As early as 2018, the US House of Representatives banned federal agencies from purchasing certain Chinese-made video surveillance equipment on national security grounds, including Hytera Communications, Hikvision and Dahua Technology.
美国制裁背后的恐惧根源
The Root of Fear Behind US Sanctions
西方国家对于"监控"概念及其附加产品有天然的抵触情绪。法国思想家福柯在《规训与惩罚》中指出，监视是资产阶级规训权力布局中的重要技术环节。这种监视机制将人的隐私毫无保留地暴露给权力机构。
Western countries have a natural aversion to the concept of "surveillance" and related products. French thinker Foucault pointed out in "Discipline and Punish" that surveillance is an important technical link in the layout of bourgeois disciplinary power. This surveillance mechanism exposes people's privacy unreservedly to power institutions.
美国对中国安防产业的打压主要来自三方面恐惧：意识形态恐惧、市场占有率恐惧和数据安全恐惧。以海康威视为例，其产品全球市占率达30%，且正在进行智能化转型，这让美国感到不安。
The US suppression of China's security industry stems from three fears: ideological fear, market share fear, and data security fear. Taking Hikvision as an example, its products account for 30% of the global market share and it is undergoing intelligent transformation, which makes the US uneasy.
技术壁垒与国产化挑战
Technological Barriers and Localization Challenges
尽管中国安防市场规模从2017年的6016亿元增长至2019年的7562亿元，预计2022年将达到10134亿元，但核心技术仍受制于人。IPC SoC芯片等关键组件仍依赖进口，后端服务器需要美国企业的CPU、GPU等部件。
Although China's security market has grown from 601.6 billion yuan in 2017 to 756.2 billion yuan in 2019 and is expected to reach 1,013.4 billion yuan in 2022, core technologies are still constrained. Key components such as IPC SoC chips still rely on imports, and backend servers require CPUs, GPUs and other components from US companies.
国产安防芯片虽然呈现"百花齐放"局面，但大多数厂家的代工厂都是台积电、联电等厂商，仍受美国政策影响。中国目前还没有完全自主的中高端芯片生产体系。
Although domestic security chips show a "hundred flowers blooming" situation, most manufacturers' foundries are TSMC, UMC and other manufacturers, which are still affected by US policies. China currently does not have a completely independent mid-to-high-end chip production system.
制裁是把双刃剑，国产芯片已有突破
Sanctions Are a Double-Edged Sword, Domestic Chips Have Made Breakthroughs
美国制裁不仅影响中国企业，也伤害美国企业利益。2019年英特尔财报显示，其在中国市场收入急剧下滑，导致股价下跌7%。近十年来，美国向中国出口芯片产品年均超3000亿美元。
US sanctions not only affect Chinese companies but also harm the interests of US companies. Intel's 2019 financial report showed that its revenue in the Chinese market plummeted, causing its stock price to fall by 7%. In the past decade, the US has exported an average of more than $300 billion in chip products to China annually.
值得庆幸的是，安防芯片技术门槛相对较低，制程工艺多在22-48nm。国内已涌现深鉴科技、北京君正、寒武纪等芯片企业，中芯国际也投入近千亿元扩产28nm芯片产能。
Fortunately, the technical threshold for security chips is relatively low, with processes mostly at 22-48nm. Domestic chip companies such as Deephi Tech, Ingenic Semiconductor, and Cambricon have emerged, and SMIC has invested nearly 100 billion yuan to expand 28nm chip production capacity.
结语：相对于思考如何制裁中国企业，美国或许更应思考如何根治自己的"被迫害妄想症"。随着中国在芯片领域不断突破，安防产业的国外依赖度将逐渐降低。
Conclusion: Rather than thinking about how to sanction Chinese companies, the US should perhaps think more about how to cure its own "persecution complex." As China continues to make breakthroughs in the chip field, the security industry's dependence on foreign countries will gradually decrease.
