外贸入门必知：FOB离岸价详解 - 定义、作用与计算方法

外贸入门必知：FOB离岸价详解 - 定义、作用与计算方法

Essential Guide to FOB in International Trade: Definition, Functions and Calculation Methods

一、FOB（离岸价）的定义

1. Definition of FOB (Free On Board)

FOB（离岸价）是国际贸易中常用的价格术语，表示卖方将货物交付至装运港船上后即完成交货义务的价格条件。根据国际商会《国际贸易术语解释通则》（Incoterms），FOB价格包含货物成本及将货物运至装运港并装上船舶的所有费用。

FOB (Free On Board) is a commonly used trade term indicating the seller fulfills delivery obligation when goods are loaded on board the vessel at the named port of shipment. According to ICC's Incoterms rules, FOB price includes the cost of goods and all charges to bring goods to and load them onto the vessel.

二、FOB离岸价的核心作用

2. Key Functions of FOB

1) 风险划分：货物越过船舷后风险即转移至买方
2) 成本控制：买方可自主安排后续运输及保险
3) 贸易便利：全球通用的标准化贸易条款

1) Risk Allocation: Risk transfers to buyer once goods pass ship's rail
2) Cost Control: Buyer can arrange subsequent transport and insurance
3) Trade Facilitation: Globally standardized trade term

三、FOB价格计算公式

3. FOB Price Calculation Formula

FOB价 = 产品出厂价 + 内陆运费 + 港口杂费 + 装船费

FOB Price = Ex-factory Price + Inland Freight + Port Charges + Loading Fee

四、外贸实操建议

4. Practical Tips for International Trade

• 明确约定适用Incoterms版本（推荐使用Incoterms®2020）
• 详细列明各项费用分摊条款
• 建议购买海运保险（即使FOB条款下由买方承担风险）

• Specify Incoterms version (Incoterms®2020 recommended)
• Detail all cost allocation terms
• Recommend marine insurance (even when risk is on buyer under FOB)

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