DEV Community

Cover image for Going quantum: using Grover’s algorithm to generate worlds
antigones
antigones

Posted on

Going quantum: using Grover’s algorithm to generate worlds

#quantumcomputing #generativeart

Image credits

Formalizing the algorithm to generate worlds from a set of rules as a SAT problem opens the solution to a “quantum twist”

As seen in the previous article, it is possible to express the problem of generating worlds from a set of rules as a boolean SAT problem.

Grover’s algorithm can be used to solve such problems in the quantum computing domain (https://qiskit-community.github.io/qiskit-algorithms/tutorials/06_grover.html). Starting from a set of equiprobable states (Hadamard), Grover’s algorithm is a process capable of “making good states emerge” among all the others.

Let’s try to generate a 1x2 map starting from the following constraints, expressed as propositional formulae:

{ C_00: S_10 & ~C_10 & ~L_10, # C00 iif S_10 and not C_10 and not L_10 C_10: L_00 & ~C_00 & ~S_00, L_00: ~S_10 & (C_10 | L_10), L_10: L_00 & ~C_00 & ~S_00, S_00: S_10 & ~C_10 & ~L_10, S_10: ~L_00 & (C_00 | S_00) (C_00 | L_00 | S_00), # you have to choose at least a value (C_10 | L_10 | S_10) }
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

We first need to express those constraints in Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) and we can use sympy to obtain it:

from sympy.logic.boolalg import to_cnf c = to_cnf(model_ruleset) print(c)
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

The formula expressed as CNF is the following:

(L_00 | ~C_10) & (L_00 | ~L_10) & (S_10 | ~C_00) & (S_10 | ~S_00) & (C_00 | L_00 | S_00) & (C_10 | L_10 | S_10) & (~C_00 | ~C_10) & (~C_00 | ~L_10) & (~C_10 | ~S_00) & (~L_00 | ~S_10) & (~L_10 | ~S_00) & (C_00 | S_00 | ~S_10) & (C_10 | L_10 | ~L_00) & (L_00 | S_10 | ~C_00) & (L_00 | S_10 | ~C_10) & (L_00 | S_10 | ~L_10) & (L_00 | S_10 | ~S_00) & (C_00 | C_10 | L_10 | ~S_10) & (C_00 | C_10 | S_00 | ~L_00) & (C_00 | L_10 | S_00 | ~L_00) & (C_10 | L_10 | S_00 | ~S_10)
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Let’s also remap variables with the following equivalence in order to use them with Qiskit:

a = L_00 b = L_10 c = C_00 d = C_10 e = S_00 f = S_10
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Now it’s time to use Grover:

from qiskit import MissingOptionalLibraryError from qiskit.tools.visualization import plot_histogram from qiskit.primitives import Sampler from qiskit.algorithms import Grover from qiskit.circuit.library import PhaseOracle from qiskit.algorithms import AmplificationProblem expression = '(a | ~d) & (a | ~b) & (f | ~c) & (f | ~e) & (c | a | e) & (d | b | f) & (~c | ~d) & (~c | ~b) & (~d | ~e) & (~a | ~f) & (~b | ~e) & (c | e | ~f) & (d | b | ~a) & (a | f | ~c) & (a | f | ~d) & (a | f | ~b) & (a | f | ~e) & (c | d | b | ~f) & (c | d | e | ~a) & (c | b | e | ~a) & (d | b | e | ~f)' try: oracle = PhaseOracle(expression) problem = AmplificationProblem(oracle, is_good_state=oracle.evaluate_bitstring) grover = Grover(sampler=Sampler()) result = grover.amplify(problem) print(result) display(plot_histogram(result.circuit_results[0])) except MissingOptionalLibraryError as ex: print(ex)
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

In this script, PhaseOracle constructs a quantum circuit which is equivalent to the logical expression in input.

AmplificationProblem builds a problem which is suitable to be elaborated by Grover’s algorithm and specifies a function to evaluate if a state is good.

The script plots the following histogram:

Quasi-probabilities for states

The states seem to be mapped in the order they are encountered in the CNF:

adbfce 000111 111000
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Even if the histogram isn’t so much clear, printing the quasi-probabilities as a dictionary shows that the two states with maximum quasi-probability are:

S_10, C_00, S_00 (000111) L_00, C_10, L_10 (111000)
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Which are equivalent to the following rows in the truth table we previously found for this little 1x2 world:

C_00,L_00,S_00,C_10,L_10,S_10 [False, True, False, True, True, False] [True, False, True, False, False, True]
Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode

Top comments (0)